tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12725950524467754742024-02-19T18:16:06.676-08:00daltonlarcemile selenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072319497350187161noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1272595052446775474.post-21372095068013454852011-05-06T05:54:00.000-07:002011-05-06T05:54:20.233-07:00exercises about adjectives<ol><li>My house is <span class="question">(big)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer1" style="width: 10ex;" type="text" value="bigger" /> than yours. </li>
<li>This flower is <span class="question">(beautiful)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer2" style="width: 14ex;" type="text" /> than that one. </li>
<li>This is the <span class="question">(interesting)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer3" style="width: 16ex;" type="text" /> book I have ever read. </li>
<li>Non-smokers usually live <span class="question">(long)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer4" style="width: 10ex;" type="text" /> than smokers. </li>
<li>Which is the <span class="question">(dangerous)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer5" style="width: 14ex;" type="text" /> animal in the world? </li>
<li>A holiday by the sea is <span class="question">(good)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer6" style="width: 10ex;" type="text" /> than a holiday in the mountains. </li>
<li>It is strange but often a coke is <span class="question">(expensive)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer7" style="width: 14ex;" type="text" /> than a beer. </li>
<li>Who is the <span class="question">(rich)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer8" style="width: 10ex;" type="text" /> woman on earth? </li>
<li>The weather this summer is even <span class="question">(bad)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer9" style="width: 10ex;" type="text" /> than last summer. </li>
<li>He was the <span class="question">(clever)</span> <input class="answer-text" name="answer10" style="width: 14ex;" type="text" /> thief of all. </li>
</ol>http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adjectives/exercisescemile selenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072319497350187161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1272595052446775474.post-69377827663065547392011-05-06T05:53:00.000-07:002011-05-06T05:53:18.819-07:00video<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz8fWdGESEVpapb_aQSYZEmX5bTfMcT9MzYWrfT_Hc8pqRZC698j7b3cKsramv6jSz8Tlw59mAN3R5PsLz5iQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>cemile selenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072319497350187161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1272595052446775474.post-83503618177711599112011-05-06T05:47:00.000-07:002011-05-06T05:47:19.780-07:00information about adjectives<h2>Definition</h2>Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm"><b>Articles</b></a> — <i>a, an</i>, and <i>the</i> — are adjectives.<br />
<ul><li><u>the tall</u> professor </li>
<li><u>the lugubrious</u> lieutenant </li>
<li> <u>a solid</u> commitment </li>
<li><u>a month's</u> pay </li>
<li><u>a six-year-old</u> child </li>
<li><u>the unhappiest, richest</u> man </li>
</ul>If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm"><b>Adjective Clause.</b></a> My sister, <u>who is much older than I am</u>, is an engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an <b>Adjective Phrase</b>: He is the man <s>who is</s> <u>keeping my family in the poorhouse.</u><br />
Before getting into other usage considerations, one general note about the use — or over-use — of adjectives: <b>Adjectives are frail; don't ask them to do more work than they should.</b> Let your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns do the hard work of description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectives that don't have much to say in the first place: <i>interesting, beautiful, lovely, exciting</i>. It is your job as a writer to create beauty and excitement and interest, and when you simply insist on its presence without <i>showing</i> it to your reader — well, you're convincing no one.<br />
Consider the uses of modifiers in this adjectivally rich paragraph from Thomas Wolfe's <i>Look Homeward, Angel</i>. (Charles Scribner's, 1929, p. 69.) Adjectives are highlighted in this <span style="color: magenta;">color</span>; <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verbs.htm#participles">participles</a>, verb forms acting as adjectives, are highlighted in this <span style="color: blue;">blue</span>. Some people would argue that words that are part of a name — like "<u>East India Tea</u> House — are not really adjectival and that possessive nouns — <u>father's</u>, <u>farmer's</u> — are not technically adjectives, but we've included them in our analysis of Wolfe's text. <br />
<blockquote> He remembered yet the <span style="color: magenta;">East</span> <span style="color: magenta;">India</span> <span style="color: magenta;">Tea</span> House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and the robes, the <span style="color: magenta;">cool</span> interior and the smell of <span style="color: magenta;">India</span> tea; and he had felt now the <span style="color: magenta;">nostalgic</span> thrill of <span style="color: magenta;">dew-wet</span> mornings in Spring, the <span style="color: magenta;">cherry</span> scent, the <span style="color: magenta;">cool</span> <span style="color: magenta;">clarion</span> earth, the <span style="color: magenta;">wet</span> loaminess of the garden, the <span style="color: magenta;">pungent</span> <span style="color: magenta;">breakfast</span> smells and the <span style="color: blue;">floating</span> snow of blossoms. He knew the <span style="color: magenta;">inchoate</span> <span style="color: magenta;">sharp</span> excitement of <span style="color: magenta;">hot</span> dandelions in <span style="color: magenta;">young</span> earth; in July, of watermelons <span style="color: blue;"> bedded</span> in <span style="color: magenta;">sweet</span> hay, inside a<span style="color: magenta;"> farmer's</span> <span style="color: blue;">covered</span> wagon; of cantaloupe and <span style="color: blue;">crated</span> peaches; and the scent of <span style="color: magenta;">orange</span> rind, <span style="color: magenta;">bitter-sweet</span>, before a fire of coals. He knew the <span style="color: magenta;">good</span> <span style="color: magenta;">male</span> smell of his <span style="color: magenta;">father's</span> sitting-room; of the <span style="color: magenta;">smooth</span> <span style="color: blue;">worn</span> <span style="color: magenta;">leather </span>sofa, with the <span style="color: blue;">gaping</span> horse-hair rent; of the <span style="color: blue;">blistered</span> <span style="color: blue;">varnished</span> wood upon the hearth; of the <span style="color: blue;">heated</span> <span style="color: magenta;">calf-skin</span> bindings; of the <span style="color: magenta;">flat</span> <span style="color: magenta;">moist</span> plug of <span style="color: magenta;">apple</span> tobacco, <span style="color: blue;">stuck</span> with a <span style="color: magenta;">red</span> flag; of wood-smoke and <span style="color: blue;">burnt</span> leaves in October; of the <span style="color: magenta;">brown</span> <span style="color: blue;">tired </span><span style="color: magenta;">autumn</span> earth; of honey-suckle at night; of <span style="color: magenta;">warm</span> nasturtiums, of a <span style="color: magenta;">clean</span> <span style="color: magenta;">ruddy</span> farmer who comes weekly with <span style="color: blue;">printed</span> butter, eggs, and milk; of <span style="color: magenta;">fat</span> <span style="color: magenta;">limp</span> <span style="color: blue;">underdone</span> bacon and of coffee; of a bakery-oven in the wind; of <span style="color: magenta;">large</span> <span style="color: blue;">deep-hued</span> stringbeans <span style="color: blue;">smoking-hot</span> and <span style="color: blue;">seasoned</span> well with salt and butter; of a room of <span style="color: magenta;">old</span> <span style="color: magenta;">pine</span> boards in which books and carpets have been stored, long <span style="color: magenta;">closed</span>; of <span style="color: magenta;">Concord</span> grapes in their <span style="color: magenta;">long</span> <span style="color: magenta;">white</span> baskets. </blockquote><div class="noindent">An abundance of adjectives like this would be uncommon in contemporary prose. Whether we have lost something or not is left up to you.</div><h2>Position of Adjectives</h2>Unlike <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/definitions.htm#adverbs"><b>Adverbs</b></a>, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. (See <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#order"><b>Below</b></a>.) When indefinite pronouns — such as something, someone, anybody — are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:<br />
<blockquote><u>Anyone capable</u> of doing <u>something horrible</u> to <u>someone nice</u> should be punished.<br />
<u>Something wicked</u> this way comes.</blockquote><div class="noindent">And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify): </div><blockquote>The president <u>elect</u>, heir <u>apparent</u> to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York <u>proper</u>.</blockquote>See, also, the note on <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm#a-_adjectives"><b>a- adjectives</b></a>, below, for the position of such words as "ablaze, aloof, aghast."<br />
<a href="" name="comparative"></a><a href="" name="superlative"></a> <h2>Degrees of Adjectives</h2>Adjectives can express degrees of modification: <br />
<ul><li>Gladys is a <i>rich</i> woman, but Josie is <i>richer</i> than Gladys, and Sadie is the <i>richest</i> woman in town. </li>
</ul><table border="0" style="width: 580px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top"><div class="table">The degrees of comparison are known as the <b>positive</b>, the <b>comparative</b>, and the <b>superlative</b>. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the word <i>than</i> frequently accompanies the comparative and the word <i>the</i> precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes <i>-er</i> and <i>-est</i> suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need <i>-ier</i> and <i>-iest</i> when a two-syllable adjective ends in <i>y</i> (happier and happiest); otherwise we use <i>more</i> and <i>most</i> when an adjective has more than one syllable.</div></td><td align="center" valign="middle" width="120"> <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/grammarrock.htm#adjectives"><img alt="GrammarRock" border="1" height="129" hspace="3" src="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/images/adjective.jpg" width="175" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica;">Click on the "scary bear" to read and hear George Newall's "Unpack Your Adjectives" (from Scholastic Rock, 1975).<br />
Schoolhouse Rock® and its characters and <img align="right" alt="ABC" border="1" height="25" hspace="2" src="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/images/abc_tv.gif" width="25" />other elements are trademarks and service marks of American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Used with permission.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="4" class="shadow" style="width: 333px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#9bf4fd"><span style="color: #104d84;"><b>Positive</b></span></td><td bgcolor="#9bf4fd"><span style="color: #104d84;"><b>Comparative</b></span></td><td bgcolor="#9bf4fd"><span style="color: #104d84;"><b>Superlative</b></span></td></tr>
<tr> <td>rich</td><td>richer</td><td>richest</td></tr>
<tr> <td>lovely</td><td>lovelier</td><td>loveliest</td></tr>
<tr> <td>beautiful</td><td>more beautiful</td><td>most beautiful</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="noindent">Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:</div><table border="1" cellpadding="4" class="shadow" style="width: 333px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#9bf4fd" colspan="3"><span style="color: #104d84;"><b>Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms</b></span></td></tr>
<tr> <td>good</td><td>better</td><td>best</td></tr>
<tr> <td>bad</td><td>worse</td><td>worst</td></tr>
<tr> <td>little</td><td>less</td><td>least</td></tr>
<tr> <td>much<br />
many<br />
some</td><td>more</td><td>most</td></tr>
<tr> <td>far</td><td>further</td><td>furthest</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
Be careful not to form comparatives or superlatives of adjectives which already express an extreme of comparison — <i>unique</i>, for instance — although it probably is possible to form comparative forms of most adjectives: something can be <i>more perfect</i>, and someone can have a <i>fuller</i> figure. People who argue that one woman cannot be <i>more pregnant</i> than another have never been nine-months pregnant with twins.<br />
<span style="color: white; font-family: Comic Sans MS,Charcoal,Verdana,Geneva; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.15em;">Grammar's Response</span>According to Bryan Garner, "complete" is one of those adjectives that does <i>not</i> admit of comparative degrees. We could say, however, "more <span style="text-decoration: underline;">nearly</span> complete." I am sure that I have not been consistent in my application of this principle in the Guide (I can hear myself, now, saying something like "less adequate" or "more preferable" or "less fatal"). Other adjectives that Garner would include in this list are as follows: <br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="4"><tbody>
<tr> <td> absolute</td><td> impossible</td><td> principal</td></tr>
<tr> <td> adequate</td><td> inevitable</td><td> stationary</td></tr>
<tr> <td> chief</td><td> irrevocable</td><td> sufficient</td></tr>
<tr> <td> complete</td><td> main</td><td> unanimous</td></tr>
<tr> <td> devoid</td><td> manifest</td><td> unavoidable</td></tr>
<tr> <td> entire</td><td> minor</td><td> unbroken</td></tr>
<tr> <td> fatal</td><td> paramount</td><td> unique</td></tr>
<tr> <td> final</td><td> perpetual</td><td> universal</td></tr>
<tr> <td> ideal</td><td> preferable</td><td> whole </td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<span style="color: #663300;">From <i>The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style</i>by Bryan Garner. Copyright 1995 by Bryan A. Garner. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., www.oup-usa.org, and used with the gracious consent of Oxford University Press.</span><br />
<br />
Be careful, also, not to use <i>more</i> along with a comparative adjective formed with <i>-er</i> nor to use <i>most</i> along with a superlative adjective formed with <i>-est</i> (e.g., do not write that something is <u>more heavier</u> or <u>most heaviest</u>).<br />
The <i>as — as</i> construction is used to create a comparison expressing equality:<br />
<ul><li>He is <u>as foolish as</u> he is large. </li>
<li>She is <u>as bright as</u> her mother. </li>
</ul><a href="" name="premodifiers"></a> <h2>Premodifiers with Degrees of Adjectives</h2>Both adverbs and adjectives in their comparative and superlative forms can be accompanied by premodifiers, single words and phrases, that intensify the degree. <br />
<ul><li>We were <u>a lot more careful</u> this time. </li>
<li>He works <u>a lot less carefully</u> than the other jeweler in town. </li>
<li>We like his work <u>so much better</u>. </li>
<li>You'll get your watch back <u>all the faster</u>. </li>
</ul><div class="noindent">The same process can be used to downplay the degree:</div><ul><li>The weather this week has been <u>somewhat better</u>. </li>
<li>He approaches his schoolwork <u>a little less industriously</u> than his brother does. </li>
</ul><div class="noindent">And sometimes a set phrase, usually an informal noun phrase, is used for this purpose:</div><ul><li>He arrived <u>a whole lot sooner</u> than we expected. </li>
<li>That's <u>a heck of a lot better</u>. </li>
</ul>If the intensifier <i>very</i> accompanies the superlative, a determiner is also required:<br />
<ul><li>She is wearing <u>her very finest</u> outfit for the interview. </li>
<li>They're doing <u>the very best</u> they can. </li>
</ul>Occasionally, the comparative or superlative form appears with a determiner and the thing being modified is understood:<br />
<ul><li>Of all the wines produced in Connecticut, I like this one <u>the most</u>. </li>
<li>The quicker you finish this project, <u>the better</u>. </li>
<li>Of the two brothers, he is <u>by far the faster</u>. </li>
</ul><div class="footnote">Authority for this section: <i>A University Grammar of English</i> by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission.</div><a href="" name="fewer"></a><a href="" name="less"></a> <table bgcolor="#e3f1ff" border="3" cellpadding="5" class="shadow"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center"><b><span style="color: #104d84; font-family: comic sans MS;">Less versus Fewer</span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td> When making a comparison between quantities we often have to make a choice between the words <i>fewer</i> and <i>less</i>. Generally, when we're talking about countable things, we use the word <i>fewer</i>; when we're talking about measurable quantities that we cannot count, we use the word <i>less</i>. "She had <u>fewer chores</u>, but she also had <u>less energy</u>." The managers at our local Stop & Shop seem to have mastered this: they've changed the signs at the so-called express lanes from "Twelve Items or Less" to "Twelve Items or Fewer." Whether that's an actual improvement, we'll leave up to you. We do, however, definitely use <i>less</i> when referring to statistical or numerical expressions: <br />
<ul><li>It's less than twenty miles to Dallas.</li>
<li>He's less than six feet tall.</li>
<li>Your essay should be a thousand words or less.</li>
<li>We spent less than forty dollars on our trip.</li>
<li>The town spent less than four percent of its budget on snow removal.</li>
</ul>In these situations, it's possible to regard the quantities as <i>sums</i> of countable measures. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><a href="" name="taller"></a> <br />
<table bgcolor="#e3f1ff" border="3" cellpadding="5" class="shadow"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center"><b><span style="color: #104d84; font-family: comic sans MS;">Taller than I / me ??</span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td> When making a comparison with "than" do we end with a subject form or object form, "taller than I/she" or "taller than me/her." The correct response is "taller than I/she." We are looking for the subject form: "He is taller than I am/she is tall." (Except we leave out the verb in the second clause, "am" or "is.") Some good writers, however, will argue that the word "than" should be allowed to function as a preposition. If we can say "He is tall like me/her," then (if "than" could be prepositional like <i>like</i>) we should be able to say, "He is taller than me/her." It's an interesting argument, but — for now, anyway — in formal, academic prose, use the subject form in such comparisons. We also want to be careful in a sentence such as "I like him better than she/her." The "she" would mean that you like this person better than she likes him; the "her" would mean that you like this male person better than you like that female person. (To avoid ambiguity and the slippery use of <i>than</i>, we could write "I like him better than she does" or "I like him better than I like her.")</td></tr>
</tbody></table><a href="" name="more_than"></a><a href="" name="over"></a> <br />
<table bgcolor="#e3f1ff" border="3" cellpadding="5" class="shadow"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center"><b><span style="color: #104d84; font-family: comic sans MS;">More than / over ??</span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td> In the United States, we usually use "more than" in countable numerical expressions meaning "in excess of" or "over." In England, there is no such distinction. For instance, in the U.S., some editors would insist on "more than 40,000 traffic deaths in one year," whereas in the UK, "over 40,000 traffic deaths" would be acceptable. Even in the U.S., however, you will commonly hear "over" in numerical expressions of age, time, or height: "His sister is over forty; she's over six feet tall. We've been waiting well over two hours for her."</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<a href="" name="order"></a> <br />
<h2>The Order of Adjectives in a Series</h2>It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say "little brown house" and not "brown little house" or why we say "red Italian sports car" and not "Italian red sports car." The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language. Most other languages dictate a similar order, but not necessarily the same order. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order often seems quite arbitrary (if not downright capricious). There is, however, a pattern. You will find many exceptions to the pattern in the table below, but it is definitely important to learn the pattern of adjective order if it is not part of what you naturally bring to the language. <br />
<div class="noindent">The categories in the following table can be described as follows:</div><ol type="I"><li><b>Determiners</b> — articles and other limiters. See <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm">Determiners</a> </li>
<li><b>Observation</b> — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g., beautiful, interesting) </li>
<li><b>Size and Shape</b> — adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g., wealthy, large, round) </li>
<li><b>Age</b> — adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient) </li>
<li><b>Color</b> — adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale) </li>
<li><b>Origin</b> — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g., French, American, Canadian) </li>
<li><b>Material</b> — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden) </li>
<li><b>Qualifier</b> — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover) </li>
</ol><table bgcolor="white" border="2" cellpadding="3" class="shadow"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="white" colspan="10"><b><span><span style="color: red;"><img alt="#" border="0" height="35" hspace="30" src="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/images/curlyq7.gif" width="35" /> THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES <img alt="#" border="0" height="35" hspace="30" src="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/images/curlyq7.gif" width="35" /></span></span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f8c4f8"><b>Determiner</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#f8c4f8"><b>Observation</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#f8c4f8" colspan="4"><b>Physical Description</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#f8c4f8"><b>Origin</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#f8c4f8"><b>Material</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#f8c4f8"><b>Qualifier</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#ffedbd"><b>Noun</b></td></tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#cef9f9" colspan="2"> </td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e0fdbf"><b>Size</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e0fdbf"><b>Shape</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e0fdbf"><b>Age</b></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#e0fdbf"><b>Color</b></td><td bgcolor="#cef9f9" colspan="4"> </td></tr>
<tr> <td>a</td><td>beautiful</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>old</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>Italian</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>touring</td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd">car</td></tr>
<tr> <td>an</td><td>expensive</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>antique</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>silver</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd">mirror</td></tr>
<tr> <td>four</td><td>gorgeous</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>long-<br />
stemmed</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>red</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>silk</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd">roses</td></tr>
<tr> <td>her</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>short</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>black</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd"> hair</td></tr>
<tr> <td>our</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>big</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>old</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>English</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd">sheepdog</td></tr>
<tr> <td>those</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>square</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>wooden</td><td>hat</td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd"> boxes</td></tr>
<tr> <td>that</td><td>dilapidated</td><td>little</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>hunting</td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd"> cabin</td></tr>
<tr> <td>several</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>enormous</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>young</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>American</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>basketball</td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd">players</td></tr>
<tr> <td>some</td><td>delicious</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td>Thai</td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#e4e4e4"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffedbd">food</td></tr>
<tr> </tr>
</tbody></table><table border="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <img alt="#" border="0" height="1" src="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gif/cleardot.gif" width="55" /></td><td> <span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: 90%;">This chart is probably too wide to print on a standard piece of paper. If you click <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjective_order.htm"><b>HERE</b></a>, you will get a one-page duplicate of this chart, which you can print out on a regular piece of paper. </span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>It would be folly, of course, to run more than two or three (at the most) adjectives together. Furthermore, when adjectives belong to the same class, they become what we call coordinated adjectives, and you will want to put a comma between them: the inexpensive, comfortable shoes. The rule for inserting the comma works this way: if you could have inserted a conjunction — <i>and</i> or <i>but</i> — between the two adjectives, use a comma. We could say these are "inexpensive but comfortable shoes," so we would use a comma between them (when the "but" isn't there). When you have three coordinated adjectives, separate them all with commas, but don't insert a comma between the last adjective and the noun (in spite of the temptation to do so because you often pause there):<br />
<blockquote>a popular, respected, and good looking student</blockquote>See the section on <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/commas.htm#coordinate"><b>Commas</b></a> for additional help in punctuating coordinated adjectives.<br />
<a href="" name="proper_adjectives"></a><a href="" name="proper_adjective"></a> <h2>Capitalizing Proper Adjectives</h2>When an adjective owes its origins to a proper noun, it should probably be capitalized. Thus we write about Christian music, French fries, the English Parliament, the Ming Dynasty, a Faulknerian style, Jeffersonian democracy. Some periods of time have taken on the status of proper adjectives: the Nixon era, a Renaissance/Romantic/Victorian poet (but a contemporary novelist and medieval writer). Directional and seasonal adjectives are not capitalized unless they're part of a title:<br />
<blockquote>We took the northwest route during the spring thaw. We stayed there until the town's annual Fall Festival of Small Appliances.</blockquote><div class="noindent">See the section on <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/capitals.htm"><b>Capitalization</b></a> for further help on this matter.</div><a href="" name="collective"></a><a href="" name="collective_adjective"></a> <br />
<h2>Collective Adjectives</h2>When the definite article, <i>the</i>, is combined with an adjective describing a class or group of people, the resulting phrase can act as a noun: the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, the lonely, the unlettered, the unwashed, the gathered, the dear departed. The difference between a <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/plurals.htm#collective_nouns"><b>Collective Noun</b></a> (which is usually regarded as singular but which can be plural in certain contexts) and a collective adjective is that the latter is always plural and requires a plural verb:<br />
<ul><li>The rural <u>poor have</u> been ignored by the media. </li>
<li>The <u>rich</u> of Connecticut <u>are</u> responsible. </li>
<li>The <u>elderly are</u> beginning to demand their rights. </li>
<li>The <u>young at heart are</u> always a joy to be around. </li>
</ul><br />
<h2>Adjectival Opposites</h2>The opposite or the negative aspect of an adjective can be formed in a number of ways. One way, of course, is to find an adjective to mean the opposite — an antonym. The opposite of <i>beautiful</i> is <i>ugly</i>, the opposite of <i>tall</i> is <i>short</i>. A thesaurus can help you find an appropriate opposite. Another way to form the opposite of an adjective is with a number of prefixes. The opposite of <i>fortunate</i> is <i>unfortunate</i>, the opposite of <i>prudent</i> is <i>imprudent</i>, the opposite of <i>considerate</i> is <i>inconsiderate</i>, the opposite of <i>honorable</i> is <i>dishonorable</i>, the opposite of <i>alcoholic</i> is <i>nonalcoholic</i>, the opposite of being properly <i>filed</i> is <i>misfiled</i>. If you are not sure of the spelling of adjectives modified in this way by prefixes (or which is the appropriate prefix), you will have to consult a dictionary, as the rules for the selection of a prefix are complex and too shifty to be trusted. The meaning itself can be tricky; for instance, flammable and inflammable mean the same thing. <br />
A third means for creating the opposite of an adjective is to combine it with <i>less</i> or <i>least</i> to create a comparison which points in the opposite direction. Interesting shades of meaning and tone become available with this usage. It is kinder to say that "This is the least beautiful city in the state." than it is to say that "This is the ugliest city in the state." (It also has a slightly different meaning.) A candidate for a job can still be <i>worthy</i> and yet be "<u>less worthy</u> of consideration" than another candidate. It's probably not a good idea to use this construction with an adjective that is already a negative: "He is less unlucky than his brother," although that is not the same thing as saying he is luckier than his brother. Use the comparative <i>less</i> when the comparison is between two things or people; use the superlative <i>least</i> when the comparison is among many things or people.<br />
<ul><li>My mother is <u>less patient</u> than my father. </li>
<li>Of all the new sitcoms, this is my <u>least favorite</u> show. </li>
</ul><a href="" name="good"></a><a href="" name="well"></a><a href="" name="bad"></a><a href="" name="badly"></a> <br />
<h2>Some Adjectival Problem Children</h2><table border="3" cellpadding="5" class="shadow"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#e3f1ff"><b><span style="color: #104d84; font-family: comic sans MS;">Good versus Well</span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#fdd4fe"><br />
<dl><dt>In both casual speech and formal writing, we frequently have to choose between the adjective <i>good</i> and the <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/definitions.htm#adverb"><b>adverb</b></a> <i>well</i>. With most verbs, there is no contest: when modifying a verb, use the adverb. </dt>
<dd>He swims <u>well</u>. </dd><dd>He knows only too <u>well</u> who the murderer is. </dd>
<dt>However, when using a <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verbs.htm#linking"><b>linking verb</b></a> or a verb that has to do with the five human senses, you want to use the adjective instead. </dt>
<dd>How are you? I'm feeling <u>good</u>, thank you. </dd><dd>After a bath, the baby smells so <u>good</u>. </dd><dd>Even after my careful paint job, this room doesn't look <u>good</u>. </dd>
<dt>Many careful writers, however, will use <i>well</i> after linking verbs relating to health, and this is perfectly all right. In fact, to say that you are <i>good</i> or that you feel <i>good</i> usually implies not only that you're OK physically but also that your spirits are high. </dt>
<dd>"How are you?" </dd><dd>"I am <u>well</u>, thank you."</dd></dl></td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#e3f1ff"><b><span style="color: #104d84; font-family: comic sans MS;">Bad versus Badly</span></b></td></tr>
<tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#fdd4fe"><br />
<dl><dt>When your cat died (assuming you loved your cat), did you feel <i>bad</i> or <i>badly</i>? Applying the same rule that applies to <i>good</i> versus <i>well</i>, use the adjective form after verbs that have to do with human feelings. You felt <i>bad</i>. If you said you felt <i>badly</i>, it would mean that something was wrong with your faculties for feeling.</dt>
</dl></td></tr>
<tr></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<h2>Other Adjectival Considerations</h2>Review the section on <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/compounds.htm"><b>Compound Nouns and Modifiers</b></a> for the formation of modifiers created when words are connected: a four-year-old child, a nineteenth-century novel, an empty-headed fool. <br />
Review the section on <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/possessives.htm#adjective_labels"><b>Possessives</b></a> for a distinction between possessive forms and "adjectival labels." (Do you belong to a Writers Club or a Writers' Club?)<br />
<a href="" name="participles"></a> Adjectives that are really <a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verbs.htm#participles"><b>Participles</b></a>, verb forms with <i>-ing</i> and <i>-ed</i> endings, can be troublesome for some students. It is one thing to be a <i>frightened</i> child; it is an altogether different matter to be a <i>frightening</i> child. Do you want to go up to your professor after class and say that you are <i>confused</i> or that you are <i>confusing</i>? Generally, the <i>-ed</i> ending means that the noun so described ("you") has a <u>passive</u> relationship with something — something (the subject matter, the presentation) has bewildered you and you are confus<u>ed</u>. The <i>-ing</i> ending means that the noun described has a more active role — you are not making any sense so you are confus<u>ing</u> (to others, including your professor).<br />
The <i>-ed</i> ending modifiers are often accompanied by prepositions (these are not the only choices):<br />
<ul><li>We were <span style="color: blue;">amazed <b>at</b></span> all the circus animals. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">amused <b>by</b></span> the clowns. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">annoyed <b>by</b></span> the elephants. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">bored <b>by</b> the </span>ringmaster. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">confused <b>by</b></span> the noise. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">disappointed <b>by</b></span> the motorcycle daredevils. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">disappointed <b>in</b></span> their performance. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">embarrassed <b>by</b> </span>my brother. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">exhausted <b>from</b></span> all the excitement. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">excited <b>by</b> </span>the lion-tamer. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">excited <b>about</b></span> the high-wire act, too. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">frightened <b>by</b></span> the lions. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">introduced <b>to</b></span> the ringmaster. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">interested <b>in</b></span> the tent. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">irritated <b>by</b></span> the heat. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">opposed <b>to</b></span> leaving early. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">satisfied <b>with</b></span> the circus. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">shocked <b>at</b></span> the level of noise under the big tent. </li>
<li>We were<span style="color: blue;"> surprised <b>by</b></span> the fans' response. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">surprised <b>at</b></span> their indifference. </li>
<li>We were <span style="color: blue;">tired <b>of</b></span> all the lights after a while. </li>
<li><br />
<blockquote>http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm</blockquote> </li>
</ul>cemile selenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072319497350187161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1272595052446775474.post-86272952479846097952011-05-06T05:27:00.000-07:002011-05-06T05:27:38.723-07:00Görseller<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTzI6g2EAdAdIVJEPZmH7UDXbO4RCeZZ_GsB3C5AdHGDa5qfBdTPwJ9NLFD9mDDh9yta19_rh4l6BPA1vN9_fKjkmrCt-uHFg5XO6Xo81HgijlLdkFyA6rmdA-QDZkn0IYuMhMyl3sdEJh/s1600/Adjectives.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTzI6g2EAdAdIVJEPZmH7UDXbO4RCeZZ_GsB3C5AdHGDa5qfBdTPwJ9NLFD9mDDh9yta19_rh4l6BPA1vN9_fKjkmrCt-uHFg5XO6Xo81HgijlLdkFyA6rmdA-QDZkn0IYuMhMyl3sdEJh/s320/Adjectives.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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